Preliminary communication
https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.2.07

Marta Zorko   orcid.org/0000-0002-8458-7384 ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb
Hrvoje Jakopović   orcid.org/0000-0002-9846-9952 ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb
Ivana Cesarec ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb

Abstracts
The main framework of this interdisciplinary research interconnects the cyclic‎ process of space creation in a virtual environment, including the various perspectives‎ in social sciences. Combining media, communication, popular geopolitics,‎ PR and big data this paper introduces a model for testing and evaluating‎ the importance of transaction data on image analysis of geolocations in‎ tourism, as well as the importance of shown interest for different destinations.‎ The data is gathered through the Google Trends tool introduced by Google in‎ 2012 (information available from 2004 onwards). The first goal is to compare‎ trends in Google searches for Indonesia and Croatia and find potential geopolitical‎ patterns of interest. The second goal is to explain the causal effects on‎ potential peaks in trends and their reasons both in a positive and a negative‎ context. The main thesis is that the interest is primarily regionally focused,‎ comprised of predictable geopolitical patterns, with the exception of unexpected‎ events and crises with potential global implications which can provide‎ both a positive and a negative perception.‎

Keywords
Virtual Image; Google Trends; Big Data; Indonesia; Croatia

Hrčak ID: 257176

URI
https://hrcak.srce.hr/257176

Review article
https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.2.06

Made Yaya Sawitri   orcid.org/0000-0001-8637-8415 ; Faculty of Social and Political Science, Warmadewa University
I Nyoman Wiratmaja ; Faculty of Social and Political Science, Warmadewa University

Abstracts
As a country with a diversity of languages, religions, ethnicities and cultures,‎ Indonesia is particularly vulnerable to the hostile play of identity politics. Lies‎ produced during the Post-Truth period exploit many emotional sentiments and‎ provoke interest groups to act based on primordial impulses that support certain‎ political interests. The negative turbulence related to identity politics due‎ to the chaotic circulation of hoaxes and misinformation is feared to lead to‎ a Post-Democratic situation. Taking the case study of the two most influential‎ elections in Indonesia: the 2017 Jakarta provincial election and the 2019‎ presidential election, this paper will explore how the Post-Truth phenomenon‎ incorporates the issue of identity politics to generate a Post-Democratic situation‎ in Indonesia. Secondary data analysis from the news and social media‎ will be employed to further explain how identity politics is distorted in the‎ media, and how it can generate social and political turbulence.‎

Keywords
Post-Truth; Identity Politics; Post-Democracy; Indonesia

Hrčak ID: 257173

URI
https://hrcak.srce.hr/257173

Preliminary communication
https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.2.05

Lidija Kos-Stanišić   orcid.org/0000-0002-9013-6088 ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb
Viktorija Car   orcid.org/0000-0003-2799-8926 ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb

Abstracts
The focus of this comparative study is on the use of soft power in the digital‎ public diplomacy of two Global South players, Brazil and India, in EU member‎ states. The main objective of this research is to find out how their embassies‎ use digital diplomacy in communication through their official websites‎ and to identify which soft power resources they dominantly use. Quantitative‎ content analysis and thematic analysis were used to analyze the categories and‎ subcategories on the main menu and special banners on each embassy’s home‎ page, and the associated content. Unlike the Indian embassies, which fully‎ embraced digital diplomacy 2.0, the Brazilian embassies do not utilize the full‎ potential of digital diplomacy and primarily remain reliant on websites only.‎ According to this research, the Brazilian embassies in the EU use film as a‎ dominant soft power resource in their digital diplomacy, while the Indian embassies‎ use yoga as a powerful diplomatic tool. Still, both approaches are not‎ enough to attract European publics. There remains a lot of space for improvement‎ and better usage of soft power resources and digital public diplomacy‎ potentials in communicating the powers of Brazil and India in EU countries.‎

Keywords
Soft Power; Digital Public Diplomacy; India; Brazil; Global South

Hrčak ID: 257160

URI
https://hrcak.srce.hr/257160

Preliminary communication
https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.2.04

Marija Slijepčević ; VERN’ University
Mirela Holy   orcid.org/0000-0003-1294-1978 ; VERN’ University
Nikolina Borčić   orcid.org/0000-0003-3929-4758 ; VERN’ University

Abstracts
A creative economy is an economy where value is based on imaginative qualities‎ rather than on the resources of land, labour and capital, and one of the‎ most dynamic sectors of the global economy. The media industry is an important‎ part of the creative economy and faces the most dynamic media ecosystems‎ changes. One of the most interesting phenomena is the rising discipline‎ of fact-checking. The discipline, which in four years (2014-2018) had a global‎ growth of 239%, has developed to combat the adverse consequences of fake‎ news and misinformation. It has brought interesting changes in media ecosystems‎ and has enriched this part of the creative economy sector. This paper‎ brings an overview of fact-checking trends in the European Union and South‎ East Asia as these two regions show the fastest growth of the creative economy.‎ Analysis answers the following research questions: What is the status of‎ fact-checkers in those parts of the world? Which business models are dominant?‎ How popular are they on social media? Which methodologies are used‎ for fact-checking? What are their sources of financing? How often are the‎ fact-checking organisation bilingual? Results show a significant discrepancy‎ in trends in those two continents and emphasise fact-checking organisations’‎ contribution in the complex media ecosystems and further development. As‎ media ownership impacts media content, research regarding media owners’‎ impact on fact-checking trends in the European Union and South East Asia‎ is recommended.‎

Keywords
Fact-Checking; Fake News; Creative Economy; European Union, ASEAN

Hrčak ID: 257159

URI
https://hrcak.srce.hr/257159

Review article
https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.2.03

Borna Zgurić   orcid.org/0000-0002-6388-0098 ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb

Abstracts
The question this paper tries to provide an answer to is, why democratic transformation‎ was successful in Tunisia and Indonesia? The theoretical approach‎ is primarily rooted in descriptive-empirical actor theories, although cultural‎ theories were used as well, as to better understand the political ideas and‎ stances of Islamist actors. The research strategy is a binary comparative study‎ with the same outcome on the dependent variable. Furthermore, the paper‎ utilizes the Most Different Systems Design (MDSD) since both countries are‎ quite different, but the dependent variable is the same – democratic transformation‎ was successful. The aim of the paper is to isolate the independent‎ variables which should be considered as the necessary prerequisites for the‎ democratic transformation in both cases. However, the paper emphasises that‎ further testing and more cases are needed.‎

Keywords
Democracy; Democratic Transformation; Comparative Study; Tunisia; Indonesia

Hrčak ID: 257158

URI
https://hrcak.srce.hr/257158

Editorial

Robert Mikac ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb
Đana Luša ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb

Hrčak ID: 257156

URI
https://hrcak.srce.hr/257156

Review article
https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.2.02

Ružica Jakešević ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb
Đana Luša ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb

Abstracts
Politics has traditionally been reserved for men, meaning it has been very difficult‎ for women to enter at the highest level. The progress in gender equality‎ in politics has been uneven so far and significant differences exist among‎ states and regions. The male dominance in state politics has translated into the‎ international realm in international entities and multilateral political platforms‎ as well. Although these entities gradually introduced the principles of gender‎ equality and promoted an increased participation of women in political life in‎ their constituent states through key documents, they face the same problem –‎ how to ensure at least a formal and descriptive representation of women at the‎ highest level and how to translate stated or symbolic gender equality from key‎ documents into practice (symbolic to substantive representation). The aim of‎ this paper is to give an overview of the historical development of the international‎ framework for the equal participation of women in politics. Particularly,‎ this paper analyses how two international entities – the UN and the EU – contribute‎ to overcoming the gender-gap in politics, and whether their activities‎ have influenced an increased participation of women in politics (descriptive‎ representation).‎

Keywords
Women in Politics; Political Participation; Gender Equality; Descriptive Representation; EU; UN

Hrčak ID: 257155

URI
https://hrcak.srce.hr/257155

Original scientific paper
https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.2.01

Dina Vozab   orcid.org/0000-0001-8718-2553 ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb
Dunja Majstorović   orcid.org/0000-0001-6481-1564 ; Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb

Abstracts
This paper shows changes in the normative expectations of journalism through‎ an analysis of articles published in Croatian scientific journals about journalism‎ in three time periods: socialism, the transition period, and the period of‎ democratic consolidation. Using qualitative content analysis we identify a‎ total of fifteen themes related to journalism (journalistic norms, regulation,‎ sensationalism, investigative journalism, journalism and PR, organizational‎ aspects, war reporting, technological aspects, gender and journalism, media‎ freedom, democratic aspects, economic aspects, journalism education, the‎ function of journalism in a political system, and the history of journalism) and‎ nine normative roles for journalists ( gatekeeper, social-political worker, public‎ sphere promoter, watchdog, commercial role, emancipatory role, neutral‎ disseminator, advocacy role, defender of democracy). We used quantitative‎ content analysis to analyze the distribution of themes and roles. The results‎ show no unambiguous perception of journalism in academic papers during the‎ different time periods as is generally assumed in the literature on ‎media democratization and the media in transitional countries in general.

Keywords
Content Analysis; Journalism; Post-Socialism; Social Science Journals; Socialism

Hrčak ID: 257154

URI
https://hrcak.srce.hr/257154

Recenzija, Prikaz slučaja

Tanja Grmuša ; Fakultet hrvatskih studija, Sveučilište u Zagrebu

Hrčak ID: 255609

URI
https://hrcak.srce.hr/255609

Original scientific paper
https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.1.06

Vedran Jerbić   orcid.org/0000-0002-7253-6387 ; Fakultet političkih znanosti, Sveučilište u Zagrebu

Abstracts
Summary‎ The aim of this paper is to critically assess Quentin Skinner’s linguistic contextualism‎ by using the perspective of Laclau and Mouffe’s theory of hegemony.‎ It strives to show that the theory of hegemony can offer a sort of middle‎ way in the currently dominant discussion between so-called textualists and‎ contextualists. By insisting on the strategic aspect of context in the interpretation‎ of political discourses, Laclau and Mouffe are introducing a model of‎ contextualization that does not follow traditional dichotomies between history‎ and philosophy or particularity of context and universality of ideas. The strategic‎ role of context would simultaneously represent a symptom of the deeper‎ stratification of political language and meaning, and would function as a tool‎ of the transformation of that very context.‎

Keywords
Theory of Hegemony; Discourse; Context; Antagonism; Skinner; Laclau and Mouffe

Hrčak ID: 255606

URI